Chemicals Talk

Raoult's law According to Raoult's law,  “the vapour pressure of any solution containing a non-volatile solute in a volatile  solvent  is proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution.” Raoult's law was first given by French chemist François-Marie Raoult in the year 1887. It is applicable for a solution of two volatile liquids. It claims that the  vapour pressure  of the solution is proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent. Thus, Raoult’s Law formula is:   P = P 0 X     Thus, P solution  = Χ solvent .P solvent Where, P solution  = Vapor pressure of the solution Χ solvent  = Mole fraction of the solvent P solvent  = Vapor pressure of the pure solvent Example of Raoult’s Law Assume a solution of volatile liquids A and B in a given beaker. Since both A and B are volatile, both particles A and B are in the vapour phase. Consequently, the vapour particles of A and B thus exert partial pressu...

  COLLOIDS  Colloids, which are also known as colloidal solutions or colloidal systems are mixtures in which micro-insoluble particles of one substance are suspended in another substance. Suspended particles in a colloid can range from 1 to 1000 nanometres that is 10 –9  metre in size. Colloids usually contain substances that are evenly scattered in another. In such a mixture, the material that is dispersed is called dispersed state whereas the material through which it is dispersed is called  continuous phase . Classification of colloids Colloids are classified into several types. Classification based on physical condition (A) Solid Solution-  Solids and dispersion medium in this scattered phase. Such as: Gemstone. (B) Aerosol-  These colloids contain air as the dispersion medium. Example 1: Cloud- It consists of air as the dispersion medium and water droplets as the dispersion phase. Example 2: Dust-. It consists of air  dispersion  medium ...

  Oligosaccharides Oligosaccharides are  polymers  that contain very few numbers of monosaccharides units connected through glycosidic linkage. Oligosaccharides are further divided into subclasses depending on the number of monosaccharides present in oligosaccharides. Oligosaccharides on  hydrolysis  in water in the presence of  enzymes  or acids give two to nine units of monosaccharides. Most of the oligosaccharides can be found in plants.  Structure of Oligosaccharides Oligosaccharides that are formed by combining two monosaccharide units are known as disaccharides. Some oligosaccharides are absorbed and hydrolysed in the intestine, for example malt-triose. Nearly all the oligosaccharides enter the intact (non-digestible oligosaccharide).  Sucrose , lactose, and  maltose  are examples of oligosaccharides containing two sugar units. Properties of Oligosaccharides   Like all other carbohydrates, oligosaccharides comprise hydrog...

  Monosaccharide Definition A monosaccharide is the most basic form of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides can by combined through  glycosidic bonds  to form larger carbohydrates, known as  oligosaccharides  or  polysaccharides . An oligosaccharide with only two monosaccharides is known as a  disaccharide . When more than 20 monosaccharides are combined with glycosidic bonds, a oligosaccharide becomes a polysaccharide. Some polysaccharides, like cellulose, contain thousands of monosaccharides. A monosaccharide is a type of  monomer , or molecule that can combine with like molecules to create a larger  polymer . Function of Monosaccharide Monosaccharides have many functions within cells. First and foremost, monosaccharides are used to produce and store energy. Most organisms create energy by breaking down the monosaccharide glucose, and harvesting the energy released from the bonds. Other monosaccharides are used to form long fibers, which can be u...

CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are the most important organic molecule in nature. Carbohydrates are the polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone. They are primarily composed of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. The name carbohydrates mean hydrates of carbon. Carbohydrate possesses empirical formula (CH2O) n. They occur in all living organisms in every part of the cell. Some carbohydrates like cellulose, chitin forms cell wall in plants and microorganisms. When carbohydrates combine with proteins, they form glycoprotein and when carbohydrates combine with lipids then they form glycolipids. These are the conjugate compounds which play an important role in cell.   CLASSIFICATION   Classification is based upon number of atoms. Carbohydrates are classified into three groups on the base of number of carbon atoms or subunits. Monosaccharide Oligosaccharide Polysaccharides  MONOSACCHRIDES  These are simple sugar and cannot be further hydrolysed into simple sugar. These have general ...

Chemistry  The branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances. Biochemistry is also called as "Chemistry of Life ".  This branch covers all the reactions that take place inside living things. For example , the synthesis of biomolecules in the bodies of living things such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats and the metabolism of these substances.   Metabolism Metabolism is the combination of two process.  One of them is Catabolism  and other is Anabolism. In "Anabolism" small molecules combine together to form a large molecule.  For example , in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll, CO2 and H2O combine together, in the body of plants, to form a large molecule "Glucose" and oxygen. That process is "Anabolism Process". In "Catabolism" a large molecule convert into smaller one.  Similarly, Glucose in t...